
Many people today are aware of the challenges facing America: inflation, viruses, cultural division, border issues, and rising crime, among others. However, reflecting on our rich 400-year history that began with Jamestown in 1607, we can find inspiration in the countless times we’ve faced and overcome even greater obstacles. Here are just a few significant challenges America has successfully navigated as a country:
- The animosity of the states with each other before and after the American Revolution
- The invasion of England and burning of the White House in the War of 1812
- The Civil War which killed over 600,000
- The immigration crisis of 1880 to 1910
- The 1918 influenza pandemic killing 675,000 in America
- The Great Depression of the 1920’s and 30’s which have been preceded and followed by nearly 50 economic recessions
- Two World Wars, Korea, Vietnam among others
- The prolonged Cold War with imminent fears of a nuclear winter (Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962)
- The Iranian hostage crisis (1979-1980)
- 9/11
Through these times, in her 400 year history, America has a tradition of turning to God in prayer, repentance and thanksgiving to seek his guidance. This is what Thanksgiving as a holiday has originally been about. In this article we want to look at the origins of Thanksgiving and how it can guide us toward hope-filled vision toward the future.
The First National Thanksgiving
The first national Thanksgiving occurred in 1789 after the approval of the Bill of Rights. According to the Congressional Record for September 25 of that year, Elias Boudinot (a delegate to the Continental Congress from New Jersey) said he could not think of letting the congressional session pass without offering “an opportunity to all the citizens of the United States of joining with one voice in returning to Almighty God their sincere thanks for the many blessings He had poured down upon them.” He moved the congress to the following resolution: “Resolved, That a joint committee of both Houses be directed to wait upon the President of the United States to request that he would recommend to the people of the United States a day of public thanksgiving and prayer.” The resolution was delivered to President George Washington. A little over a week later, on October 3, Washington responded by issuing a historic Thanksgiving Proclamation, who gave his strong approval with the congressional request, declaring:
Whereas it is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor. . . . Now, therefore, I do appoint Thursday, the 26th day of November 1789 . . . that we may all unite to render unto Him our sincere and humble thanks for His kind care and protection.
For Washington, this was not insincere posturing. He truly believed and acknowledged the hand of God in the establishing of the new nation against overwhelming odds. In the early years of the war, the Continental Army experienced, according to David McCullough’s book, 1776, unforgettable hardships: “…all-too-few victories, of sustained suffering, disease, hunger, desertion, cowardice, disillusionment, defeat, terrible discouragement, and fear…” Washington’s army would also experience their General’s “phenomenal courage and bedrock devotion to country.” In the face of numerous catastrophes and failures, he maintained a determined but unusual level-headedness and emotional composure. McCullough suggests that it was this unusual character in Washington which led the nation to ultimately prevail. Had he buckled under the dark circumstances, so would his army and so the nation. Where, then, did Washington gain this remarkable composure of mind? Undoubtedly much of it came through his unwavering belief in God’s providence to guide the development of the nation. In a letter written in January of 1776 to Joseph Reed, Washington foretold what he believed the basis for his perseverance in the war would be: “If I shall be able to rise superior to these, and many other difficulties which might be enumerated, I shall most religiously believe that the finger of Providence is in it.” He wrote again in May of 1776, in a letter to Reverend William Gordon: “No man has a more perfect reliance on the all-wise and powerful dispensations of the Supreme Being than I have, nor thinks His aid more necessary.”
For Washington, the observance of Thanksgiving came from his deep and unwavering reliance on the guidance of God in establishing America and the expression of his gratitude for this. Our first president, however, was not unique in this. There had been many Thanksgiving style observances in the American colonies for over 250 years before the Declaration of Independence (1776). These observances involved thanking God for his gracious favors and calling upon him to lead through often perilous times of difficulty:
- The colonists of the Plymouth Plantation held a three day celebration of food and feasting in the fall of 1621.
- The first recorded official Thanksgiving observance was held on June 29th, 1671 at Charlestown, Massachusetts.
- During the 1700s, it was common practice for individual colonies to observe days of thanksgiving throughout each year.
- A Thanksgiving Day celebration was held in December of 1777 by the individual colonies, commemorating the surrender of British General Burgoyne at Saratoga.
Where Thanksgiving Got Started
The earliest origins of the tradition and practice of Thanksgiving began with the Pilgrims who set sail for America on September 6, 1620, and for over two months braved the harsh weather of a storm-tossed sea. After coming to shore at Plymouth, they had a prayer service and began hastily building shelters, being unprepared for a harsh New England winter. Nearly half died before spring. Persevering in prayer and assisted by helpful Indians, they reaped a large harvest the following summer. The grateful Pilgrims then declared a three-day feast in December 1621 to thank God and to celebrate with their Indian friends America’s first Thanksgiving Festival. This would happen again in 1623 when they experienced an extended and prolonged drought. Knowing that without a change in the weather there would be no harvest and the winter would be filled with death and starvation, these same Pilgrims went to a time of prayer and fasting to seek God’s direct intervention. Significantly, shortly after that time of prayer – and to the great amazement of the Indians who witnessed the scene – clouds appeared in the sky and a gentle and steady rain began to fall. This began an annual tradition in the New England Colonies that slowly spread into other Colonies.
The Spread of Thanksgiving
For the next 250 years the colonies would need to draw on their faith in God many times to persevere through impossible hardships on their way to becoming their own nation. As the colonies began to develop a stronger sense of their own identity independent from England, many from them had been calling for independence before the American Revolution because of the tyrannies of England. Not least among those who voiced this cry were pastors in their pulpits. In 1682 Charles II’s advisers warned him that the pastors of Massachusetts “were preaching freedom.” In response the King demanded that the colony swear allegiance to the British Crown, or else “[m]ake a full submission and an entire resignation of their charter to his pleasure.” (They were to give up the control of their rights as a British colony.) Their response was not to comply. Increase Mather, a prominent church leader in Massachusetts, gave this reply:
To submit and resign their charter would be inconsistent with the main end of their fathers’ coming to New England….[Although resistance would provoke] great sufferings, [it was] better to suffer than to sin. (Hebrews 11:26-27) Let them put their trust in the God of their fathers, which is better to put confidence in princes. And if they suffer, because they dare not comply with the will of God, they suffer in good cause and will be accounted martyrs in the next generation, and at that great day.
Charles II was enraged upon hearing this. He determined to send Col. Percy Kirk (“Bloody Kirk”) and five thousand troops to bring Massachusetts to its knees once and for all. When news of this plan reached Mather in February of 1685, he was filled with a deep fear and dread. He shut himself in his study and spent the day in prayer and fasting. The longer he spent with God in prayer and fasting, the fear and dread lifted from his heart and was replaced with joy. Without any evidence, he had the conviction by the Holy Spirit in his heart that God would deliver Massachusetts. Two months later word arrived that Charles II had died of apoplexy and that Col. Kirk would not be coming after all.
After 1789 the Thanksgiving tradition of prayer, gratitude and turning to the providence of God would become even more important as numerous dangers and hatreds threaten to tear the newly formed nation apart. In fact, by 1815, the various state governments had issued at least 1,400 official prayer proclamations, almost half for times of thanksgiving and prayer and the other half for times of fasting and prayer.
Lincoln and the Thanksgiving Proclamation
During his presidency, Abraham Lincoln ordered government departments closed for local days of thanksgiving. But since the founding of the nation it was not an official national holiday. The importance of Thanksgiving was about to increase when Sarah Hale, a 74-year-old magazine editor, wrote a letter to Lincoln on September 28, 1863, urging him to have the “day of our annual Thanksgiving made a National and fixed Union Festival.” She explained, “You may have observed that, for some years past, there has been an increasing interest felt in our land to have the Thanksgiving held on the same day, in all the States; it now needs National recognition…to become permanently, an American custom and institution.”
Lincoln responded to Mrs. Hale’s request quickly. On October 3, 1863 he penned a Thanksgiving Day Proclamation during the Civil War. What’s remarkable about this 520-word declaration is Lincoln’s focus on gratitude despite the nation being torn apart from within. He thanks God for “fruitful fields” and “healthful skies” as well as for peace with other nations and harmony among those not involved with the war.
No human counsel hath devised, nor hath any mortal hand worked out these great things. They are the gracious gifts of the Most High God, who while dealing with us in anger for our sins, hath nevertheless remembered mercy…
Three months earlier, the Battle of Gettysburg had occurred, resulting in the loss of approximately 60,000 American lives. And while President Lincoln walked among the thousands of graves there at Gettysburg, Lincoln committed his life to Jesus Christ. He said,
When I left Springfield [to assume the presidency], I asked the people to pray for me. I was not a Christian. When I buried my son, the severest trial of my life, I was not a Christian. But when I went to Gettysburg and saw the graves of thousands of our soldiers, I then and there consecrated myself to Christ.
Lincoln then asked the nation to pray that as soon as God desired, he might bring back peace to the nation.
Fervently implore the interposition of the Almighty hand to heal the wounds of the nation, and to restore it, as soon as may be consistent with the Divine purposes, to the full enjoyment of peace, harmony, tranquility and union.
What does Thanksgiving mean today?
1) Thanksgiving should lead us to be hopeful
As followers of Christ in America, we should remember how God has established and preserved America. Through many dark days when the future of our nation looked bleak or headed toward ruin (like the Civil War), our leaders and the church called out to God with prayer, repentance and thanksgiving. Our nation has experienced worse storms than the ones we are facing now. How grateful we should be that we were led by people of faith who trusted God and persevered in hopeful prayer rather than surrender themselves to the dark forces of the moment.
2) Thanksgiving should lead us to be humble
As followers of Christ in America, we should learn and remember the stories of God’s grace which led to our becoming a nation and preserved our greatness. We should see the providence of God as a source of renewed commitment to walk as witnesses to the gospel of grace. Is our national pride humbled? YES. But that is a good thing because we can look again to the one who is the cause of all national greatness and not to ourselves. Instead of using our heritage to foster pride against “liberals” and “secularists” and “socialists,” etc. We should use our heritage of faith and thanksgiving as a call to walk in renewed grace and power of the Holy Spirit. We are to love God above all and our neighbor as ourselves. There is hope and our tradition of Thanksgiving reminds us of this once again.
“for dominion belongs to the Lord
Psalm 22:28
and he rules over the nations.”

